), Select a topic the students can profitably discuss. He is flying the four of them to the "big" football game. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. Having decided on the objectives, an instructor can use this information to complete many of the steps on the lesson plan. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. This is a good indication that the original version was confusing to that person. This is the lead-off question and its purpose is to get the discussion started. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. The benefit of PBL lies in helping the learner gain a deeper understanding of the information and in the learner improving his or her ability to recall the information. FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS Applicants for the Flight Instructor Rating shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing Transport Canada multiple choice examinations on the subjects contained in this guide. For example, the instructor may talk about an occurrence where the knowledge in the lesson was applied. In order to present the lesson on weight and balance, Bob has taken the theoretical information presented in previous chaptersconcepts and principles pertinent to human behavior, how people learn, and effective communicationinto the classroom. For the independent instructor setting, the instructor may need to select and prepare instructional aids. A model is even more effective if it works like the original, and if it can be taken apart and reassembled. They can focus on the area they either need to study or want to study For example, a maintenance student who wants to find information on the refueling of a specific aircraft could use a CAL program to access the refueling section, and study the entire procedure. The controller directed the pilot to the Columbus Metropolitan Airport, Columbus, Georgia. By being well prepared, an effective instructor presents and applies lesson material, and also periodically assesses how well the learner is learning. The student may then conduct a review of questions missed, Some of the more advanced CAL applications allow students to progress through a series of interactive segments where the presentation varies as a result of their responses. The data also support that when a condition occurs requiring a maneuver, the SBT participant responded quickly and more accurately than the participant trained only under the maneuver-based approach. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. The demonstration-performance method is divided into five phases: Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. Within a single period, the instructor may unwittingly present more information than students can absorb, and the lecture method provides no accurate means of checking student progress, Many instructors find it difficult to hold the attention of all students in a lecture throughout the class period. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. As is the case with the technician, there are times when a less used tool is the exact tool needed for a particular situation. Once the class has mastered the ability to compute weight and balance, Bob decides to give them the following scenario with the objective of teaching them how to reconfigure weight and balance in the real world. This short lecture is followed by instructor-student and student-student discussion, This method relies on discussion and the exchange of ideas. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. Many of them can be combined during the actual presentation. Notes may be written legibly or typed, and they should be placed where they can be consulted easily, or held, if the instructor walks about the room. The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. The terrain is flat farmland with no published obstacles, What will he do now? The interim summary may be omitted after discussing the last learning outcome when it is more expedient for the instructor to present the first part of the conclusion. Use flight deck technology in a safe and appropriate way, Be confident in a wide variety of flight situations, and, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. Predictions are that more and more learning will take place via e-learning, E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. In recent years, video (VHS, compact disks (CDs), digital video disks (DVDs), or computer files), and computer slide shows incorporating text, graphics, video, and animations, have pushed aside traditional training aids. In some school situations, the designers of the curriculum determine the use of instructional aids. If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. In such cases, it is practical and advisable to give the students a brief general survey of the topic during the introduction. Next, explain and demonstrate the steps involved in performing the skill being taught. It is used for study, training, or testing in place of the real object, which is too costly or too dangerous, or which is impossible to obtain. Instructors will find the following suggestions helpful in planning a discussion lesson. They must also hold a current ATP or commercial certificate and earn a score of more than 70% on an FAA-administered flight instructor demonstrated knowledge test. Use of these questions and projects as part of the syllabus helps an instructor ensure that all subject areas for a particular class have been covered, There are many ways to incorporate design features in training materials in order to facilitate regulatory compliance, required endorsements, and recordkeeping. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. Information such as equipment, tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should be included. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Sterile cockpit? General Aviation News Enhanced training materials that include these benchmarks can help aviation instructors complete, endorse, and document required training, For example, the training syllabi represent enhanced training material and contain provisions for instructor endorsements and recordkeeping. To test each students ability to perform, the instructor requires students to work independently throughout this phase and makes some comment about how each performed the skill relative to the way it was taught. As the student progresses through higher levels of performance and understanding, the instructor should shift the training focus to decision-based training objectives. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Decision-based training objectives allow for a more dynamic training environment and are ideally suited to scenario type training. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). The instructor begins by telling a story, showing a video clip, asking a question, or telling a joke. As instructional aids, models are usually more practical than originals because they are lightweight and easy to manipulate, A mock-up is a three-dimensional or specialized type of working model made from real or synthetic materials. For example, in concluding a discussion on density altitude, an instructor might give a fairly complete description of an accident which occurred due to a pilot attempting to take off in an overloaded airplane from a short runway at a high-altitude airport on a hot day, The summary should be succinct, but not incomplete. Well-designed programs allow students to feel as if they are in control of what they are learning and how fast they learn it. Students learn from the beginning how to perform the maneuver or procedure and also become familiar with the performance criteria. [Figure 4-19], A more advanced application of computer-based training may involve less instructor control. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Finally, lectures may be combined with other teaching methods to give added meaning and direction, The lecture method of teaching needs to be very flexible since it may be used in different ways. Regardless of the teaching or training delivery method used, the teaching process remains the same. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. The aids should be concentrated on the key points. Participants in a class may be located on different continents, yet share the same teaching experience. Instructors can create their own overhead acetate or plastic transparencies, or they may purchase commercially produced ones. This equipment is especially adapted to enlarging diagrams and small charts for display purposes. Finally, although the overhead projector is simple to operate and requires little maintenance, it has disadvantages. A game gives the learner a stake in the outcome by putting the learner into the shoes of a character (role playing) who needs to overcome a real world scenario. Who trains the trainers? Gamification of flight instructor learning in Instructors should avoid questions that can be answered by short factual statements or yes or no responses and ask open-ended questions that are thought provoking and require more mental activity. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. Consequently, it is more commonly used in lecturing than in guided discussion, The instructor who wants to phrase a question for followup purposes may choose the overhead type. In addition, they also provide realistic details necessary for visual recognition of important subject material. Manage and monitor all flight systems and electrical in-flight . Three types of problem-based instruction are discussed: scenario based, collaborative problem-solving, and case study, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The airlines, as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and universities, have used similar facilities for many years, Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality (VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. flight instructor determines if an applicant can demonstrate the ability to meet English language requirements. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. The plan should include all key points that need to be covered. SBT trained participants demonstrated the same skills and knowledge as the maneuver-based trained participants, but the maneuvers were practiced in the context of a scenario. The conclusion consists of the summary of the main points. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. They are easy to construct and can be produced in the same manner as pictures. In these examples, the student leader or the instructor serves as a coach or facilitator who interacts with the group, as necessary, to keep it on track or to encourage everyone in the group to participate, Best used for the mastery of mental or physical skills that require practice, the demonstration-performance method is based on the principle that people "learn by doing." Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. In this way, the students are encouraged to make contributions that supplement the lecture. Consider the continued expansion of technical terminology in everyday usage. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. In addition, since each domain includes several educational or skill levels, training objectives may easily be adapted to a specific performance level of knowledge or skill. flor de hortensia para maleficios; layer by layer minecraft castle blueprints. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. Learning is best achieved if students participate actively in a friendly, relaxed atmosphere, Therefore, the use of the informal lecture is encouraged. By symbolizing the factors involved, it is even possible to visualize abstract relationships, Instructors are frequently asked to teach more and more in a smaller time frame. carlton square inglewood hoa fees sakura font generator a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by parenting a child with developmental delays On vous rappelle dans l'heure For the aviation instructor, the objectives listed in the syllabus are a beginning point for instruction, Aviation training involves two types of objectives: performance based and decision based. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. For example, Bob lectures in the opening scenario, but after giving the students knowledge of how to compute weight and balance, he uses group learning to reinforce the lecture. The pilot attempted four unsuccessful approaches with the controllers talking him through each approach. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. In addition, instructors and students may lack sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software programs that are available, Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided. The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. It was a cautionary tale of a flight crew failing to compartmentalize their problems and adhere to the sterile cockpit rule. The PTS also has specific criteria or standards upon which to grade performance; however, the criteria may not always be specific enough for a particular lesson. After the discussion develops, the instructor may ask a follow-up question to guide the discussion. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by It is a widely accepted belief in the aviation community that test items included as part of a test or evaluation should be both content valid and criterion valid. Lectures are best used when an instructor wishes to convey a general understanding of a subject that students lack. It is also a good idea at this time to let students know whether or not questions during the lecture are welcomed. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). While aviation instructors are expected to be familiar with all regulatory training requirements, use of instructororiented training materials which are enhanced for regulatory compliance can be very beneficial for ensuring required training is being accomplished, endorsed, and properly documented. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusion because at this point they are likely to confuse the students, By organizing the lesson material into a logical format, the instructor maximizes the opportunity for students to retain the desired information. The equipment necessary and the instructor and student actions anticipated during the lesson have also been specified. Before leaving this phase, the instructor should encourage students to ask questions about any step of the procedure that they do not understand, The instructor must show students the actions necessary to perform a skill. By using a lecture in this way, the instructor can offer students with varied backgrounds a common understanding of essential principles and facts. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. For example, the presentation is not designed to replace the instructor. The instructor bases this assessment on the learner's ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. For the maintenance instructor, this may mean monitoring the replacement of a carburetor. The instructor must logically organize the material to show the relationships of the main points. instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. If they are not written, they become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or loss of specificity with time, Performance-based objectives consist of three elements: description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Comprehensive examples of the desired learning outcomes, or behaviors, should be included in the standards. Organizing a lesson so the students grasp the logical relationships of ideas is not an easy task, but it is necessary if the students are to learn and remember what they have learned. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. making each lesson a pleasurable experience. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. In addition, the coverage should be straightforward and factual so it is easy for students to remember and recall. Audio or visual aids can be very useful in supporting a topic, and the combination of both audio and visual stimuli is particularly effective since the two most important senses are involved.Instructors should keep in mind that they are often salesmen of ideas, and many of the best sales techniques that attract the attention of potential clients are well worth considering. This handbook is a compilation of that research and is designed to help aviation instructors become experts in the field of education, Effective instructors have a sincere interest in learning and professional growth. This allows the student to make decisions that fit his or her experience level and result in positive outcomes. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. Such syllabi not only present the course of training in a logical step-by-step, building block sequence, they contain provisions to remind both students and instructors of critical regulatory training benchmarks which are approaching. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. Frequently, good organization and natural patterns of logic dictate the sequence. As sources for access to information expand, the possibilities for distance learning increases, While e-learning has many training advantages, it also has limitations which can include the lack of peer interaction and personal feedback, depending on what method of e-learning is used. It is important for the instructor to understand in advance which outcomes are positive and/or negative and give the student freedom to make both good and poor decisions without jeopardizing safety. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. However, the instructor provides the answer to the rhetorical question. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors.
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