However, she went to the restroom to change instead. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Is there merit to this view? It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. 129. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. b. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. c. primary process thought. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". 104. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Think of it as an If-Then statement. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. 32. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? We see this in the case of reflexes. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. All of the models include an element of the biological model. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. This is called: a. fixation. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? b. anxiety disorders. b. focusing on the here and now. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? 51. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. 63. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? 62. b. family structure and communication. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. 115. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. d. latency stage. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Unconditioned means unlearned. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? c. psychoanalysts. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. b. modeling. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. d. conditions of worth. 89. a. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. d. classical conditioning. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. d. cognition-focused. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. b. accepting problematic thoughts. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. 84. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. b. good long-term prognoses. 37. b. Figure 2.2. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . b. ego. b. Freud. 120. b. exposure Figure 2.10. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. d. genes. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. 149. Banduras Classic Experiment. 110. How so? Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. c. psychodynamic. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. 2.3.3.3. d. displacement. 127. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). c. operant conditioning. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Participants have similar issues. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. 131. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. 158. The response re-emerges. 35. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. d. projection. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. d. frustrating the client. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. Psychosurgery. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. c. transference. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers d. object relations theory. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? 70. c. social networks. Continuous or partial? d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. 159. b. negative transference. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. 2.3.2.2. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Consider your parents for a minute. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. 25. 151. 59. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? How so? d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. b. working through. c. intellectualization. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More It is difficult to research this perspective. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. 138. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. c. role-playing. d. damage control. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. c. feminist therapy. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. d. fixation. b. sociocultural Dealing with anxiety. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. b. exposure therapy. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology 2.3.3.1. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. You are doing your best. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? b. rationalization. 99. Bertha (Anna O.) d. flight of ideas. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Communication in the nervous system. You are doing your best. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. So what do we do with this information? Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. d. sociocultural. a. modeling. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. 86. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. d. projection. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. b. existential. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. d. transference. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. b. humanistic-existential. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. c. congenital malformations. a. gestalt d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. More on that over the next two sections. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. 56. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. c. operant conditioning. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. b. multicultural. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. They are sexual in nature. 114. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. This approach to learning was called connectionism. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D).