Chocolate is one of those foods that can be incredibly good for your health and bad for you at the same time. If all you need is love and chocolate but the latter upsets your stomach or worse, causes nausea and diarrhea that's a chocolate craving gone bad. So what if the label explicitly states dairy-free? Other people are allergic or sensitive to ingredients in chocolate-based foods, such as: It may not seem obvious, but chocolate can also be a problem for people who have a nickel allergy. Remind your . But in larger amounts, chocolate can trigger a reaction in your GI tract or elsewhere in your body. Throwing up green, brown, or other-colored vomit can mean many things. Green vomit after having a few episodes of vomiting can be from bile in the stomach which is typically green/yellow in color. Top Symptoms: being severely ill, abdominal pain (stomach ache), vomiting, constipation, lightheadedness, Symptoms that always occur with acute variceal hemorrhage: being severely ill, vomiting (old) blood or passing tarry stools. There are many different causes of inflammation including: Vascular causes of black or brown vomit may include: Trauma-related causes of black or brown vomit may include: In general, any cancer is the result of cells dividing and growing uncontrollably. Horn CC. If you upchuck a brown liquid, take note of what you ate the day before. Or red Kool-Aid. Takeaway. Avoid food and drug interactions. 6) Vomit color orange. Avoid citrus, caffeine, and spicy or acidic foods. Normal vomit is supposed to look clear, whitish, even orangey or like dark grey water. Other reasons for concern are when vomiting becomes a regular event, there's more than one episode of vomiting in 24 hours, or the cat . Your physician can discuss these medications and treatments with you and determine the best course of action based on your symptoms and medical history. The most common reason is gastroenteritis where they have an empty stomach and then puke up a white foam vomit. . Clear vomit can be normal when you have an empty stomach and are vomiting. So you are puking. These most likely indicate bleeding that may come from an ulcer or some other condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Vomiting blood (haematemesis). Well we can help. It could be you're suffering from simple indigestion, especially if you eat lots of sugar in a short period of time. Questions likehow to prevent concussions in kids? If vomit seems a bit thicker, then mucus might be present or saliva. Tight-fitting clothes around the abdomen can put pressure on the stomach, which may cause regurgitation. Peptic ulcer. Its Time to Put Patient Support at the Center of Digital Healthcare, Highlighting Our Heroes: Kate Murphy, CNM. There are hundreds of different types of dark chocolate. If this is the case, you likely havent pooped in a while. Not all funky vomit colors are from the stomach bug though! This condition is also known as bilious vomiting syndrome. Heartburn is the most common symptom of GERD. Brown vomit smelling similar to fecal matter will be an indication of this problem. 1. Published January 11, 2018. Possible causes include gastric ulcers, gastritis, liver disease, and cancer. (Informed by current CDC guidelines.). Have you been throwing up black or brown vomit? Upper GI bleeding is a medical emergency involving internal bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or the small intestine. Get 3% Hydrogen Peroxide If your dog eats chocolate, the first thing you need to do is contact your veterinarian. If kibble is present in their vomit and it resembles that same color, this may just be the color in the kibble leaking throughout the vomit. Published July 19, 2018. Many cat treats are brown as well, so this could cause a brown shade of vomit if they become sick soon after eating. If you are allergic to chocolate and eat it, your immune system will release chemicals like histamine into the bloodstream. "If we consume high amounts of these foods, such as chocolate, we can find a histamine type response that can irritate the nerve endings in the gut." Dont google. People with morning sickness for example can wake up with an empty stomach and vomit bile. This is not medical advice or a replacement for medical care, but see what we have to say with our free health information, and hopefully it will stop you from scaring yourself any more than you already have. Though an ulcer is highly preferable to cancer, its still a potentially serious problem that needs prompt medical treatment. Black vomit is not normal, unless of course, frosting. If there is severe constipation, and stool (, ?) Either way, what matters is if chocolate is good or bad for you, not others. You've had bouts of nausea and vomiting for longer than one month. It is your best defense mechanism against food poisoning and the ingestion of harmful substances, as well as your bodys way of eliminating toxins. Bloody vomit deserves a check by a medical provider. It is most commonly going to be because of brown food. Avoid certain foods and drinks (spicy, greasy foods, and carbonated and alcoholic drinks). Brown food or matter. 5) Causes heart palpitations. It is illegal to copy, reprint or republish any content or portions of content from this site without the author's permission. upset stomach. And chocolate contains a protein thats similar in structure, so the immune system sometimes mistakes it for gluten. Examples include esomeprazole (Nexium), ranitidine (Zantac) and Tums. Certain elements in chocolate that alter brain chemistry have both benefits and side effects. When you vomit on an empty stomach (no food, no water), you will notice either a bright to dark green or greenish-yellow color to your vomit. All forms of brown vomit require medical attention. Still, some people are more sensitive than others to the effects of certain compounds in chocolate, which makes them more likely to experience side effects such as stomach upset, insomnia, palpitations or extrasystoles. Yes, black or brown vomit can signal internal bleeding that requires immediate medical attention. Unless you guessed it, frosting! Contact Us Disclaimer Cookies Policy Privacy Policy. Bile is made from the liver and stored in the gallbladder until it is used by the stomach to break down food. You will likely need a cleanout for your. This is an important indicator of your health and can tell you if its time you saw a doctor. Dark and milk chocolate, cocoa powder, and many of the nuts found in chocolate bars are high in this metal. Unless of course you had a bloody nose or smashed your lip and swallowed some blood. What should parents know aboutscreen time for toddlers? If you were indeed eating beets in the last few days before your reddish poop, you're most likely in the clear. But if you throw up soon after eating, the vomit can be orange-colored like carrots or orange juice or lighter. Motion sickness is a common reason for vomiting. Chronic vomiting or when it has been occurring for more than two or three weeks is definitely a sign of a problem. Third-party ads or links to other websites where products or services are advertised are not endorsements or recommendations by Scary Symptoms for the third-party sites or their products or services. U.S. National Library of Medicine: Lactose Intolerance, Erin Kenney, MS, RD, LDN, HCP, dietitian and nutritionist, Nutrition Rewired, Boston, Food and Drug Administration: Allergic to Milk? If you have poop smelling vomit, bloating, and abdominal pain, then get yourself seen. Stop that. Sometimes there is a genetic mutation in DNA or a specific protein or failure in an important checkpoint that results in this unchecked growth. Type 2 diabetes, or high blood sugar, can result in nausea after sweets and occurs when blood sugar rises to a dangerous level. Try our AI assistant here. Other less serious causes of dark brown vomit can arise from eating certain foods or liquids, or a side-effect from medication. Vomiting clear liquid like this is a common result. If you are truly vomiting blood, you may also experience symptoms such as: In situations of excessive bleeding, you may also experience: Seek prompt medical attention if you experience any of the above symptoms. If your dog has pale gums and is throwing up black or dark brown liquid, they need immediate medical help.2. Another Cause of Brown Vomit that Isn't Cancer. Bile is made from the liver and stored in the gallbladder until it is used by the stomach to break down food. Benign tumors, bleeding ulcerations, cirrhosis, severe stomach lining erosion, pancreatitis are other possible causes. Causes of vomiting. Not so fast. ko. We put some info here for you to find while searching through all that other dry, scary medical information online. There are a number of reasons you might feel yucky shortly after consuming sugary foods, including: 1. While you can get black vomit after drinking cola or eating dark foods like cocoa, dark chocolate, taking charcoal preparations, it is usually a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention. The first serious issue we worry about is whether this brown vomit is actually blood. fm, tIu, wEp, EwaMS, . if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'natureword_com-leader-2','ezslot_12',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-leader-2-0');Conclusion. Do you think you might have a problem with chocolate? Gross, right?? And frequent vomiting, meaning continual, constant vomiting that elicits severe dehydration and continues over 24-48 hours is a sign you should go to the hospital to receive medical care. Brown Vomit. Side effects of medication. Common indigestion. For gastritis sufferers whose stomach lining is already irritated by gastric juices, eating chocolate adds to the irritation and can worsen the condition. Chocolate poisoning is very serious. Check that out. This should help you to see if it is really dark green, or truly black. Just chugged some water on an empty stomach? The most common causes for your dog vomiting white foam are: Acid reflux. August 21, 2022 by Hubert Drew. This legume is like chocolate in color and taste. Brown dog vomit can point to a few different things. Learn why you may need to limit your chocolate intake if you have acid reflux or heartburn. Remember, vomit colors in the red range (pink, red, brown and black) are a sign of bleeding, yellow and green vomit come from bile, while clear, white and even slightly grey or orange vomit are normal. About 50 percent of kids sometimes feel sick to their stomachs while moving in cars or planes, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The gastric juices irritate and cause inflammation of the esophagus which leads to symptoms such as heartburn, a strong burning sensation in the chest. Take care not to get bitten or scratched. For example, caffeine and theophylline both have effects on the cardiovascular system and can cause extrasystoles, a form of arrhythmia characterized as a skipped heartbeat or a premature heartbeat. Carob is also high in fiber, low in fat, and sugar- and caffeine-free, so it can be a healthier dessert alternative. In rarer cases, throwing up foam can be caused by dehydration, acid reflux or fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract. The dog has a bleeding ulcer. And, its an ingredient in the savory Mexican sauce, mole. Best Dark Chocolate: The Ultimate Buyer's Guide, The 5 Best At-Home Celiac Test Kits of 2023, Is There a Best At-Home Food Sensitivity Test? And when you go to the supermarket, read package labels to make sure the products you buy dont contain chocolate or cocoa. If your dog has never had any problems with chocolate before, then there is probably no need to worry. More common explanations include a food allergy/sensitivity to some ingredient (not likely sugar but some other common ingredient in the foods triggering this reaction$, BS, chrohns, celiacs, etc. However, can a person ever upchuck a brown liquid without any disease whatsoever? A dog with short-lived vomiting (+/- diarrhea) can be treated at home with a prescribed meal plan. Maybe its just from all the kale and spinach you have been eating, or the black frosting you ate at the Halloween party yesterday. Poor digestion may be caused due to overeating, eating too fast, spicy or greasy food. It could be a shade of blood or severe constipation. If your cat is vomiting brown liquid several times and/or in conjunction with other symptoms such as lack of appetite, weight loss, lethargy, or diarrhea you should make an appointment with your vet right away. Here's a few major reasons: Your dog may be vomiting due to eating too much, too fast, or both. The next wave of nursing transformation is underway. The beauty of healthcares digital transformation is that patients can connect with the, Spotlighting another amazing Nurse-1-1 nurse who is providing empathy and trust for patients within digital health websites. If you are unsure of the actual color, take a bit of vomit and smear it on a white paper towel. All rights reserved. If this green vomit lasts more than a few days, or is accompanied by severe pain, fever, weakness, constipation, or any other concerning symptoms, you should get checked out right away. Is yellow bile vomit or green? mx. This can make your poop . This often indicates more concentrated stomach juices and food particles may also be present. Lose weight if you're overweight. Updated October 13, 2016. Many of these medications are also targeted at controlling damaging acid production. Bile is green when its produced in the gallbladder. This is a yellow substance produced in the liver that aids in digestion. Acetaminophens, such as Tylenol, are not in this category and may help control your pain without causing irritation and bleeding that results in hematemesis. The caffeine in . Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Allergies that may lead to anaphylaxis are diagnosed by high levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. This vomit color may occur as a result of severe motion sickness or gallbladder problems such as biliary strictures. Not to be a Debbie Downer but. At restaurants, ask to have your meals and desserts prepared without chocolate. Chocolate allergies and chocolate sensitivities arent the same thing. Its going to look like water. You can throw up orange vomit if you have been eating foods like carrots, pumpkin, drinking orange juice or carrot juice. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. (2015) Diagnosis of food allergy. Anxiety, depression, or . 4) Chocolate causes extrasystoles. But vomiting doesnt just happen for no reason, either. Vomit that has a little blood once but then clears up right after usually isnt an issue. Devon Andre has been involved in the health and dietary supplement industry for a number of years. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[970,90],'natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_11',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');This post was updated on Saturday / August 1st, 2020 at 4:29 PM, Copyright 2014-2022 NatureWord. Of course, once back in bed, I suddenly felt sick. You will likely need a cleanout for your constipation. Sometimes these sores bleed. Causes of Tar Black Vomit: Its Old Blood, but Why? We can help. You can use 3% hydrogen peroxide to induce vomiting in dogs. Motion sickness: A constant shift in the equilibrium can cause your toddler's inner balance to feel disoriented. The main symptoms of cyclic vomiting syndrome are sudden, repeated attackscalled episodesof severe nausea and vomiting. Antioxidants, dietary minerals, vitamins, fatty acids and other elements with nutritional value in chocolate nourish the brain and the nervous system and, together with other natural chemicals, alter brain chemistry, regulating mood and various brain functions (find out more about the benefits of eating chocolate). Black vomit can occur because your dog has eaten a big pile of mud or dirt. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Just like humans, there are plenty of reasons why a dog may throw up. Learn about our technology. All text is copyright property of this site's authors. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Chocolate has long been blamed for breakouts. When she does, it will usually last a few days with vomiting 1 - 3 times, total. Severe constipation can cause intense abdominal pain, bloating of the stomach and intense vomiting. cup) three hours after the last vomiting episode. Episodes may make you feel very tired and drowsy. 2005 Apr 1;71(7):1339-1346. Chocolate, especially with a high content of cocoa, stimulates both the cardiovascular and the nervous system and can cause cardiac arrhythmia, or abnormal heart rate. Because of bowel backup, digestion is nearly impossible. In addition to stomach upset and vomiting, high levels of caffeine may also cause a fast heartbeat . What people need is an in-the-moment champion and guide to help them self-discover, find answers, and navigate to the right healthcare solution. Can You Eat Chocolate If You Have Acid Reflux? If youre sensitive to the milk in chocolate, consider switching to dark chocolate. Pigment may range from a lighter yellow to a bright yellow and yellow with a green tinge. You should worry if there's bl. For example, chocolate contains caffeine, which is a stimulant thats considered a drug. Drops; Syrups; Tablets; Natural Extracts/MT; brown vomit after eating chocolate. What if the vomitus is brown BUT theres no sign of any substance that looks like coffee grounds? The digestive, or gastrointestinal (GI), tract includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Is Cancer Why Your Cats Vomit Is White & Foamy? 5 Gym Exercises that Can Cause Snapping Hip Syndrome, The 5 Worst Weight Exercises if You Have a Bad AC Joint, How to Stop Fingers from Hurting After Deadlift Workouts, Middle Back Soreness from Sustained Dead Hanging. Your use of the services is voluntary and subject to Buoy Healths Terms of Use and Privacy Notice.By clicking Agree & continue you hereby authorize Buoy Health to ask you about your symptoms, health status, and behaviors. Dietary indiscretion - also known as scavenging or eating something they shouldn't have done! If you have a severe allergy, carry an epinephrine auto-injector wherever you go. But is the addicting substance really to blame for the most common skin problem in the U.S.? Gastric ulcers and gastritis can also cause upper abdominal pain that gets worse when you eat and black or tarry-looking stools. I feed her (and my 2 yr old black Labrador) Acana Pacifica Regionals dry food. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Or you may only need to limit chocolate in your diet. You could try bribing your cat with something tastier, like a small amount of tuna in spring water. People with frequent and significant nosebleeds may also throw up brown. Ulcers usually arise from the intake of certain . Vomiting bile often occurs in the morning, upon waking up or drinking water. Because it carries stomach juices, vomit is acidic. Some people are more sensitive to various compounds in chocolate, like caffeine and, in their case, chocolate is bad for their health. But as good as it may be to allow vomiting to take its course for 1-2 days, provided serious dehydration does not occur, watch out for the color of your vomit. Read more about Vomiting: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. This can be due to conditions such as a bleed in the stomach, a blood clotting disorder, or a bleed in the mouth that has then been swallowed, and the blood digested in the stomach for a bit. Brown vomit can be the cause of eating too many chocolate brownies Or can be associated with more serious issues. Im sorry to hear that. Your website already, Vomit Color Green, Yellow, Brown, Black, Clear, So you are puking. Eating green-tinted foods, but without a lot of pigment, can sometimes cause grey vomit. This can be a sign of a serious issue. Herrine SK. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens. Live chat built specifically for pharma can help companies offer better patient education and more efficient escalation. 4) Vomit color yellow. You also may have a sensitivity instead of an allergy. Brown vomit can be the cause of eating too many chocolate brownies Or can be associated . It may not be initially apparent, or even something that will ever cross your mind until it happens; however, vomit that is black or brown can often be blood. Causes of hematemesis can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, problems with the organs and components of the upper gastrointestinal tract are most commonly associated with hematemesis. An ulcer is an open sore on the inside of your stomach or small intestine. Indigestion. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. And when the FDA did a review of dark chocolate bars, they found that 51 out of 100 bars they tested contained milk that wasnt listed on the label. Let's look at each of them in more detail. Other less serious causes of dark brown vomit can arise from eating certain foods or liquids, or a side-effect from medication. In-depth explanations you wont find on other sites. The reason why chocolate is bad for you has to do with how you respond to the different elements in its composition. Get 3% Hydrogen Peroxide. Dont google. A vet should immediately see a cat that brings up brown fluid. A chocolate sensitivity or intolerance is different from an allergy in that it doesnt involve IgE antibodies. But if you throw up soon after eating, the vomit can be orange-colored like carrots or orange juice or lighter. Here are some of the common causes of vomiting bile: 1. Tomatoes and potatoes are from the nightshade family. "If we consume high amounts of these foods, such as chocolate, we can find a histamine type response that can irritate the nerve endings in the gut.". A Dietitian Explains, nuts, like hazelnuts, peanuts, or almonds. Not all funky vomit colors are from the stomach bug though! Lets leave the appearance of coffee grounds out of the equation for a moment. mc. After it was all out of me, I flipped on the light and noted the brown color. Yes, there are many proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), acid blockers and stomach neutralizers available over-the-counter. Now sit down for this one. Some medications like neurological medications, anti-seizure medications, diabetes medications and mood-altering medications can affect your appetite and eventually lead to nausea . Dark chocolate usually doesnt list milk as an ingredient. People who have experienced black or brown vomit have also experienced: People who have experienced black or brown vomit were most often matched with: People who have experienced black or brown vomit had symptoms persist for: Source: Aggregated and anonymized results from Buoy Assistant. Takeaway. Kennel cough. Ugh. I had eaten a calzone (lots of reddish-orange tomato paste) that had been sitting under a heat lamp in a cafeteria for who knows for how long. Because stomach cancer usually goes undetected until an advanced st Chat and find out the top cause for your specific situation. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. Some of these colors are normal, some are not and require us to see a doctor as soon as possible.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',122,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-medrectangle-3-0'); What color is vomit supposed to be? In general, canine brown vomiting is considered to be caused by one of the following causes: Bleeding ulcers. Some medication, especially medicines for motion sickness, including remedies like ginger ale can also contribute to grey vomit. Take stronger note if there are other symptoms present, or new symptoms soon after that wont go away. But I was troubled that the vomitus was not the color I remembered it always being whenever I hurled: the color of thousand island dressing. You may be experiencing upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which is a medical emergency if there are related symptoms like abdominal pain or bloody stools. Product review: dark chocolate, cocoa powder, nibs, extracts and supplements sources of flavonols. is backed up, you can vomit brown poop-smelling vomit. If they are overeating, make sure to only give them just enough. Even some medications, including laxatives, may contain cocoa. There are two possible causes of brown vomit. In any case, if you notice anything like this, its best to make an appointment with your doctor as soon as possible. is backed up, you can vomit brown poop-smelling vomit. Green vomit could be the green frosting your kiddo just ate way too much of or could be something else if they didnt just smash back three pieces of Green Monster themed cake. Lets talk about common vomit color concerns. Call your vet immediately. If this green vomit lasts more than a few days, or is accompanied by severe pain, fever, weakness, constipation, or any other concerning symptoms, you should get checked out right away. Answers from hundreds of doctors about benign to serious symptoms. These chemicals can affect your: If you have an allergy to chocolate, you may have some of these symptoms after eating it, or even just coming into direct contact with it: These symptoms are part of a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Or that red popsicle you were craving. Here are, If you suspect you have a food sensitivity, you may be wondering whether it's worth purchasing an at-home test. Searching the web about vomit color can be scary without taking into consideration all of your current symptoms. Other sources of bleeding (tumors, gum disease, etc.) The prolonged presence under a heat lamp can ignite the growth of bacteria, which can then cause a bad reaction several hours later. Foods are available from your vet, or you can prepare white rice and boiled white meat chicken with the skin and bones removed to give your puppy a little nutrition while recuperating. Gastroenteritis from food poisoning may result in yellow vomit. The content available on buoy.com is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. There are many different versions of chocolate, from dark to milk to white; bitter to sweet; and everything in between. The dose of 3 percent hydrogen peroxide is 1 milliliter per pound of dog. We can help figure things out! Your Shih Tzu could be throwing up white foam just because they have an upset tummy. While products labeled as such should not contain dairy, the FDA released a survey suggesting otherwise. Go ahead, try it: Mix equal parts reddish-orange paint (or even pure red) with green, and the result will be brown. Scarysymptoms.com will not be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this site. Profuse sweating, nausea, feeling sick to the stomach, palpitations and other symptoms may occur, depending on how severe the acid reflux is. Eating too much chocolate, especially if its rich in cocoa, can lead to heart palpitations, irregular, fast heartbeats. This could be due to gastritis which is inflammation of the stomach lining or even esophagitis which is inflammation of the esophageal lining. Top Symptoms: fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, moderate abdominal pain, abdominal cramps (stomach cramps), Symptoms that never occur with stomach ulcer: pain in the lower left abdomen. In people with celiac disease, the body reacts to gluten. Red vomit is usually a sign that your dog is vomiting blood. Blood vessels bringing blood from the digestive tract back to the heart which course through the esophagus (a muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) become dilated. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), milk is one of the top eight major food allergens. Also, persistent bloody vomit is never normal either. ("hungry vomiter") Cause: The pylorus is the channel between the stomach and the gut. Large amounts of bloody vomit are never normal. Causes of vomiting in children. National Library of Medicines list 3 Signs Your Child Has a Chocolate Intolerance, Allergy or Sensitivity. Devon has written extensively for Bel Marra Health. Food Allergies. Mucus may also be produced to coat the sensitive mucous linings of the esophagus and back of the throat and protect them from the acidic stomach contents. 2) Vomit color white. People with a gluten intolerance or celiac disease sometimes react to chocolate, especially milk chocolate. Ask a nurse first. Intestinal parasites - worms including: roundworms, heartworms, tapeworms, hookworms and whipworms. When a dog throws up and the color is black or dark brown, internal bleeding could be the reason. The cause of the bleeding may not be the same as the cause of the vomiting. One such food offender is you guessed it chocolate. Start a chat with Buoy AI assistant to find out whats causing your black or brown vomit. But while they make us more alert by stimulating wakefulness, they can also have side effects. Chocolate irritates the stomach lining causing symptoms such as stomach upset, abdominal pain and other side effects that may derive from the stomach upset such as a general feeling of unwell, heartburn, palpitations, sweating, nausea etc.
Rab Factory Shop Alfreton, Yanga Vs Mbeya City Livescore, How To Take Apart A Ping Pong Table, Egyptian Terms Of Endearment, Articles B